A dissipative system is one that is open and not in a state of equilibrium. It exchanges energy, matter and information with its environment. Hurricanes and human society are both dissipative systems.

We contend that life itself is also a dissipative system.

It is worth noting that the physicist Matthew Fisher has suggested that quantum effects (specifically entangled nuclear spin) could modulate the ratio of free to bound calcium ions.

His theory relates to nerves and the brain, but it could potentially apply to all cellular calcium.

Redox is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed by the transfer of electrons. Usually, the reducing agent undergoing oxidation loses electrons, while the oxidising agent undergoing reduction gains electrons.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from oxygen atoms during the process of breathing. They include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical. ROS play a role in signalling between cells and also in maintaining homeostasis.

However, they can also cause irreversible damage to DNA, as they prevent some cells from performing their original functions.

The body also generates reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can contribute to harmful circulatory conditions.

An ROS scavenger removes ROS and protects cells from the inflammation caused by oxidative stress. ROS scavengers are composed of naturally occurring polymers – substances with very large molecules which are built up from many identical subunits.